Mathematics

Faculty of the Department of Mathematics

Joseph D. Harris, Higgins Professor of Mathematics (Chair)
Paul G. Bamberg, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics
Laurent Berger, Benjamin Peirce Assistant Professor of Mathematics
John D. Boller, Preceptor in Mathematics, Preceptor in Continuing Education and Univ. Exten.
Alexander Braverman, Benjamin Peirce Assistant Professor of Mathematics (on leave spring term)
Derek Bruff, Preceptor in Mathematics
David Burns, Visiting Professor of Mathematics (King’s College London) (spring term only)
Francesco Calegari, Benjamin Peirce Assistant Professor of Mathematics
Albert Chau, Benjamin Peirce Assistant Professor of Mathematics (on leave 2003-04)
Tom Coates, Benjamin Peirce Assistant Professor of Mathematics
Alberto De Sole, Benjamin Peirce Assistant Professor of Mathematics
Noam D. Elkies, Professor of Mathematics (on leave spring term)
Andrew Engelward, Preceptor in Mathematics
Matthias Flach, Visiting Professor of Mathematics (California Institute of Technology ) (spring term only)
Daniel L. Goroff, Professor of the Practice of Mathematics (on leave spring term)
Robin Gottlieb, Senior Preceptor in Mathematics
Benedict H. Gross, George Vasmer Leverett Professor of Mathematics and Dean of Harvard College
David Helm, Benjamin Peirce Assistant Professor of Mathematics
Arthur M. Jaffe, Landon T. Clay Professor of Mathematics and Theoretical Science
Thomas W. Judson, Preceptor in Mathematics
Oliver Knill,
Joachim Krieger, Benjamin Peirce Assistant Professor of Mathematics (on leave fall term)
Peter B. Kronheimer, Professor of Mathematics
Matthew P. Leingang, Preceptor in Mathematics
Laura F. Matusevich, Benjamin Peirce Assistant Professor of Mathematics
Barry C. Mazur, Gerhard Gade University Professor
Curtis T. McMullen, Maria Moors Cabot Professor of the Natural Sciences (on leave spring term)
Jeffrey McNeal, Visiting Professor of Mathematics (Ohio State University) (fall term only)
Mircea Mustata, Post-Doctoral Fellow in Mathematics, Visiting Lecturer on Mathematics (Cambridge University) (spring term only)
Andreea C. Nicoara, Benjamin Peirce Assistant Professor of Mathematics
Martin A. Nowak, Professor of Mathematics and of Biology
Mihnea Popa, Benjamin Peirce Assistant Professor of Mathematics
Weiyang Qiu, Benjamin Peirce Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Associate of Leverett House
Gerald E. Sacks, Professor of Mathematical Logic (on leave spring term)
Wilfried Schmid, Dwight Parker Robinson Professor of Mathematics
Yum Tong Siu, William Elwood Byerly Professor of Mathematics
William A. Stein, Benjamin Peirce Assistant Professor of Mathematics
Shlomo Z. Sternberg, George Putnam Professor of Pure and Applied Mathematics
Clifford Taubes, William Petschek Professor of Mathematics (Director of Undergraduate Studies)
Richard L. Taylor, Herchel Smith Professor of Mathematics (Director of Graduate Studies)
Dylan P. Thurston, Benjamin Peirce Assistant Professor of Mathematics
Shing-Tung Yau, William Casper Graustein Professor of Mathematics
Jessica Young, Visiting Lecturer in Mathematics (MIT) (fall term only)
Ilia Zharkov, Benjamin Peirce Assistant Professor of Mathematics

The Mathematics Department would like to welcome students into that course for which they are best qualified. Incoming students should take advantage of Harvard’s Mathematics Placement Test and of the science advising available in the Science Center the week before classes begin. Members of the Department will be available during this period to consult with students. Generally, students with a strong precalculus background and some calculus experience will begin their mathematics education here with a deeper study of calculus and related topics in courses such as Mathematics 1a, 1b, 19, 20, and 21a,b. The Harvard Mathematics Placement Test results recommend the appropriate starting level course, either Mathematics Xa, 1a, 1b, or 21. Recommendation for Mathematics 21 is sufficient qualification for Mathematics 19, 20, 21a, 23a, and 25a.

In any event, what follows briefly describes these courses: Mathematics 1a introduces the basic ideas and techniques of calculus while Mathematics 1b covers integration techniques, differential equations, sequences and series. Mathematics 21a covers multi-variable calculus while Mathematics 21b covers basic linear algebra with applications to differential equations. Students who do not place into (or beyond) Mathematics 1a can take Mathematics Xa, Xb, a two-term sequence which integrates calculus and precalculus material and prepares students to enter Mathematics 1b.

There are a number of options available for students whose placement is to Mathematics 21. For example, Mathematics 19 can be taken either before or after Mathematics 21 (or Mathematics 20). Mathematics 19 covers modeling and differential equation topics for students interested in biological and other life science applications. Mathematics 20 covers selected topics from Mathematics 21a and 21b for students particularly interested in economic and social science applications.

Mathematics 23 is a theoretical version of Mathematics 21 which treats multivariable calculus and linear algebra in a rigorous, proof oriented way. Mathematics 25 and 55 are theory courses that should be elected only by those students who have a particular interest in, and commitment to, mathematics. They assume a solid understanding of one-variable calculus and a willingness to think rigorously and abstractly about mathematics, and to work extremely hard. Both courses study multivariable calculus and linear algebra plus many very deep related topics. Mathematics 25 differs from Mathematics 23 in that the work load in Mathematics 25 is significantly more than in Mathematics 23, but then Mathematics 25 covers more material. Mathematics 55 differs from Mathematics 25 in that the former assumes a very strong proof oriented mathematics background.

Placement in Mathematics 21b, 23a, 25a, and more advanced courses is based on material not covered in the placement examinations. Students who have had substantial preparation beyond the level of the Advanced Placement Examinations are urged to consult the Department concerning their proper placement in mathematics courses. Students should take this matter very seriously and solicit advice from faculty members in the Mathematics Department. The Department has also prepared a pamphlet with a detailed description of all its 100-level courses and their relationship to each other. This pamphlet gives sample lists of courses suitable for students with various interests. It is available at the Department Office. Many 100-level courses assume some familiarity with proofs. Courses that fulfill this prerequisite include Mathematics 23, 25, 55, 101, 112, 121, 141, and 152. Of these, note that Mathematics 101 and 152 may be taken concurrently with Mathematics 1, 19, 20, or 21.

The Department does not grant formal degree credit without prior approval for taking a course that is listed as a prerequisite of one you have already taken. Our policy is that a student who takes and passes any calculus course is not normally permitted to then take a more elementary course for credit. A student who has passed Mathematics 21a, for example, will normally not be allowed to take Mathematics 1a, or 1b for credit. The Department is prepared to make exceptions for sufficient academic reasons; in each case, however, a student must obtain written permission from the Head Tutor in advance.

In the case of students accepting admission as sophomores, this policy is administered as follows: students counting one half course of advanced standing credit in mathematics are deemed to have passed Mathematics 1a, and students counting a full course of advanced standing credit in mathematics are deemed to have passed Mathematics 1a and 1b.

Primarily for Undergraduates

Mathematics Xa. Introduction to Functions and Calculus I
Catalog Number: 1981 Enrollment: Normally limited to 15 students per section.
Thomas W. Judson, Derek Bruff, and members of the Department
Half course (fall term). Section meeting times: Section I: M., W., F., at 10; Section II: M., W., F., at 11; Section III: M. W. F., at 12 (with sufficient enrollment). EXAM GROUP: 1
The study of functions and their rates of change. Fundamental ideas of calculus are introduced early and used to provide a framework for the study of mathematical modeling involving algebraic, exponential, and logarithmic functions. Thorough understanding of differential calculus promoted by yearlong reinforcement. Applications to biology and economics emphasized according to the interests of our students.
Note: Required first meeting: Monday, September 15, 8:30 am, Science Center A. The sequence Xa, Xb gives solid preparation for Mathematics 1b. This course, when taken for a letter grade together with Mathematics Xb, meets the Core area requirement for Quantitative Reasoning.

Mathematics Xb. Introduction to Functions and Calculus II
Catalog Number: 3857 Enrollment: Normally limited to 15 students per section.
Derek Bruff, Thomas W. Judson, and members of the Department
Half course (spring term). Section I: M., W., F., at 10; Section II: M. W., F., at 11; Section III: M., W., F., at 12 (with sufficient enrollment); and a twice weekly lab session to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 1
Continued investigation of functions and differential calculus through modeling; an introduction to integration with applications; an introduction to differential equations. Solid preparation for Mathematics 1b.
Note: This course, when taken for a letter grade together with Mathematics Xa, meets the Core area requirement for Quantitative Reasoning.
Prerequisite: Mathematics Xa.

Mathematics 1a. Introduction to Calculus
Catalog Number: 8434 Enrollment: Normally limited to 30 students per section.
Robin Gottlieb (fall term), Matthew P. Leingang (spring term) and members of the Department
Half course (fall term; repeated spring term). Fall: Section I, M., W., F., at 9 (with sufficient enrollment); Section II, M., W., F., at 10; Section III, M., W., F., at 11; Section IV, M., W., F., at 12; Section V, Tu., Th., 10–11:30; Section Vl, Tu., Th., 11:30–1. Spring: Section I, M., W., F., at 10; Section II, Tu.Th. 10-11:30 (with sufficient enrollment) and a weekly problem section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 1
The development of calculus by Newton and Leibniz ranks among the greatest achievements of the past millennium. This course will help you see why by introducing: how differential calculus treats rates of change; how integral calculus treats accumulation; and how the fundamental theorem of calculus links the two. These ideas will be applied to optimization, graphing, mechanisms, and problems from many other disciplines.
Note: Required first meeting in fall: Tuesday, September 16, 8:30 am, Science Center D. This course, when taken for a letter grade, meets the Core area requirement for Quantitative Reasoning.
Prerequisite: A solid background in precalculus.

Mathematics 1b. Calculus, Series and Differential Equations
Catalog Number: 1804 Enrollment: Normally limited to 30 students per section.
Matthew P. Leingang (fall term), Robin Gottlieb (spring term) and members of the Department
Half course (fall term; repeated spring term). Section I, M., W., F., at 9 (with sufficient enrollment); Section II, M., W., F., at 10; Section III, M., W., F., at 11; Section IV, M., W., F., at 12 (with sufficient enrollment); Section V: Tu., Th., 10–11:30; Section Vl, Tu., Th., 11:30–1, and a weekly problem section to be arranged. Required exams: Hours to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 1
Speaking the language of modern mathematics requires fluency with the topics of this course: infinite series, integration, and differential equations. Model practical situations using integrals and differential equations. Learn how to represent interesting functions using series and find qualitative, numerical, and analytic ways of studying differential equations. Develop both conceptual understanding and the ability to apply it.
Note: Required first meeting in fall: Monday, September 15, 8:30 am, Science Center C. Required first meeting in spring: Wednesday, February 4, 8:30 am, Science Center A. This course, when taken for a letter grade, meets the Core area requirement for Quantitative Reasoning.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 1a, or Xa and Xb, or equivalent.

Mathematics 19. Mathematical Modeling
Catalog Number: 1256
Thomas W. Judson
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 1, and a weekly problem section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 6
Considers the construction and analysis of mathematical models that arise in the environmental sciences, biology, the ecological sciences, and in earth and atmospheric sciences. Introduces mathematics that includes multivariable calculus, differential equations in one or more variables, vectors, matrices, and linear and non-linear dynamical systems. Taught via examples from current literature (both good and bad).
Note: Can be taken with or without Mathematics 21a,b. Students with interests in the social sciences and economics might consider Mathematics 20. This course can be taken before or after Mathematics 20. This course, when taken for a letter grade, meets the Core area requirement for Quantitative Reasoning.

Mathematics 20. Introduction to Linear Algebra and Multivariable Calculus
Catalog Number: 0906
Derek Bruff (fall term) and Matthew P. Leingang (spring term)
Half course (fall term; repeated spring term). Fall: M., W., F., at 9, Spring: M., W., F., at 9, and a weekly problem section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 1, 2
Introduction to linear algebra, including vectors, matrices, and applications. Calculus of functions of several variables, including partial derivatives, constrained and unconstrained optimization, and applications. Covers the topics from Mathematics 21a,b which are most important in applications to economics, the social sciences, and some other fields.
Note: Should not ordinarily be taken in addition to Mathematics 21a,b. Examples drawn primarily from economics and the social sciences though Mathematics 20 may be useful to students in certain natural sciences. This course, when taken for a letter grade, meets the Core area requirement for Quantitative Reasoning.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 1b or equivalent, or an A or A- in Mathematics 1a, or a 5 on the AB or a 3 or higher on the BC Advanced Placement Examinations in Mathematics.

Mathematics 21a. Multivariable Calculus
Catalog Number: 6760 Enrollment: Normally limited to 30 students per section.
Andrew Engelward (fall term), Wilfried Schmid, and Oliver Knill (spring term)
Half course (fall term; repeated spring term). Fall: Section I, M., W., F., at 9 (with sufficient enrollment); Section II, M., W., F., at 10; Section III, M., W., F., at 11; Section IV, M., W., F., at 12; Section V, Tu., Th., 10–11:30; Section VI, Tu., Th., 11:30–1; and a weekly problem section to be arranged. Required exams: Hours to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 1
To see how calculus applies in practical situations described by more than one variable, we study: Vectors, lines, planes, parameterization of curves and surfaces; Partial derivatives, directional derivatives, and the gradient; Optimization and critical point analysis, including constrained optimization and the Method of Lagrange Multipliers; Integration over curves, surfaces, and solid regions using Cartesian, polar, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates; Divergence and curl of vector fields; and the Green’s, Stokes’, and Divergence Theorems.
Note: Required first meeting in spring: Wednesday, February 4, 8:30 am, Science Center D. May not be taken for credit by students who have passed Applied Mathematics 21a. This course, when taken for a letter grade, meets the Core area requirement for Quantitative Reasoning. Activities using computers to calculate and visualize applications of these ideas will not require previous programming experience. Special sections for students interested in physics or biochemistry and social sciences are offered each term. The biochemistry/social sciences sections treat topics in probability and statistics in lieu of Green’s, Stokes’ and the Divergence Theorems.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 1b or equivalent.

Mathematics 21b. Linear Algebra and Differential Equations
Catalog Number: 1771 Enrollment: Normally limited to 30 students per section.
Oliver Knill (fall term), Clifford Taubes, and Andrew Engelward (spring term)
Half course (fall term; repeated spring term). Fall: Section I, M., W., F., at 9 (with sufficient enrollment); Section ll, M., W., F., at 10; Section IIl, M., W., F., at 11. Spring: Section I, M., W., F., at 9 (with sufficient enrollment); Section ll, M., W., F., at 10; Section IIl, M., W., F., at 11; Section IV, M., W., F., at 12 (with sufficient enrollment); Section V, Tu., Th., 10–11:30; Section Vl, Tu., Th., 11:30–1; and a weekly problem section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 1
Matrices provide the algebraic structure for solving myriad problems across the sciences. We study matrices and related topics such as vectors, Euclidean spaces, linear transformations, determinants, eigenvalues, and eigenvectors. Of applications given, a regular section considers dynamical systems and both ordinary and partial differential equations. Accompanying an introduction to statistical techniques, applications from biology and other data-rich sciences are presented in a biology and statistics section.
Note: Required first meeting in fall: Monday, September 15, 8:30 am, Science Center E. Required first meeting in spring: Wednesday, February 4, 8:30 am, Science Center C. May not be taken for credit by students who have passed Applied Mathematics 21b. This course, when taken for a letter grade, meets the Core area requirement for Quantitative Reasoning.
Prerequisite: Mathematics lb or equivalent. Mathematics 21a is commonly taken before Mathematics 21b, but is not a prerequisite, although familiarity with partial derivatives is useful.

Mathematics 23a. Theoretical Linear Algebra and Multivariable Calculus I
Catalog Number: 2486
John D. Boller
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 11, and an hour conference section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 4
A rigorous treatment of linear algebra and the calculus of functions of n real variables. Topics include: Construction of number systems, fields; vector spaces and linear transformations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, multilinear forms, and determinants; elementary topology of Euclidean space, inner products, and norms; differentiation and integration of functions of several real variables, the classical theorems of vector analysis.
Note: Mathematics 23a, b are honors courses, specifically designed for students with strong mathematics backgrounds who are seriously interested in continuing in the theoretical sciences. See the description in the introductory paragraphs in the Mathematics section of the catalog.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 1b or a grade of 4 or 5 on the Calculus BC Advanced Placement Examination. Mathematics 23 goes well beyond the concepts strictly necessary for Physics 15, which are more closely correlated with Mathematics 21.

Mathematics 23b. Theoretical Linear Algebra and Multivariable Calculus II
Catalog Number: 8571
John D. Boller
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 11, and a one-hour conference section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 4
Continuation of the subject matter of Mathematics 23a.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 23a.

Mathematics 25a. Honors Multivariable Calculus and Linear Algebra
Catalog Number: 1525
Laurent Berger
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 10. EXAM GROUP: 3
A rigorous treatment of linear algebra, point-set and metric topology, and the calculus of functions in n variables. Emphasis placed on careful reasoning, and on learning to understand and construct proofs.
Note: Only for students with a strong interest and background in mathematics. May not be taken for credit after Mathematics 23.
Prerequisite: A 5 on the Advanced Placement BC-Calculus Examination, or the equivalent as determined by the instructor.

Mathematics 25b. Honors Multivariable Calculus and Linear Algebra
Catalog Number: 1590
Laurent Berger
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 10. EXAM GROUP: 3
A continuation of Mathematics 25a. More advanced topics, such as Fourier analysis, differential forms, and differential geometry, will be introduced as time permits.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 25a or permission of instructor.

*Mathematics 55a. Honors Advanced Calculus and Linear Algebra
Catalog Number: 4068
Yum Tong Siu
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 2. EXAM GROUP: 7
A rigorous treatment of metric and general topology, linear and multi-linear algebra, differential and integral calculus.
Note: Mathematics 55a is an intense course for students having significant experience with abstract mathematics. Instructor’s permission required. Every effort will be made to accommodate students uncertain of whether the course is appropriate for them; in particular, Mathematics 55a and 25a will be closely coordinated for the first three weeks of instruction. Students can switch between the two courses during the first three weeks without penalty.

Mathematics 55b. Honors Advanced Calculus and Linear Algebra
Catalog Number: 3312
Yum Tong Siu
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 2. EXAM GROUP: 7
Continuation of Mathematics 55a. Calculus of functions in n variables. Additional topics may include normed linear spaces, differential equations, and Fourier analysis.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 55a or permission of instructor.

*Mathematics 60r. Reading Course for Senior Honors Candidates
Catalog Number: 8500
Clifford Taubes
Half course (fall term; repeated spring term). Hours to be arranged.
Advanced reading in topics not covered in courses.
Note: Limited to candidates for honors in Mathematics who obtain the permission of both the faculty member under whom they want to work and the Director of Undergraduate Studies. May not count for concentration in Mathematics without special permission from the Director of Undergraduate Studies. Graded Sat/Unsat only.

*Mathematics 91r. Supervised Reading and Research
Catalog Number: 2165
Clifford Taubes
Half course (fall term; repeated spring term). Hours to be arranged.
Programs of directed study supervised by a person approved by the Department.
Note: May not ordinarily count for concentration in Mathematics.

*Mathematics 99r. Tutorial
Catalog Number: 6024
Clifford Taubes and members of the Faculty
Half course (fall term; repeated spring term). Hours to be arranged.
Topics for 2003-04: (1) Geometric Topology (fall), prerequisites: algebra (Math 122) and topology (Math 131); (2) Morse Theorgy (fall), prerequisite: basic knowledge of manifolds (Math 134 or 135); (3) Computational Group Theory (spring) prerequisite: group theory (Math 122); (4) The Incredible Edible Sphere (spring), prerequisites: topology (Math 131) and experience with smooth manifolds (Math 134 or 135).
Note: May be repeated for course credit with permission from the Director of Undergraduate Studies. Only one tutorial may count for concentration credit. Students must register their interest in taking a tutorial with the Assistant Director of Undergraduate Studies by the second day of the term in which the tutorial is offered.

For Undergraduates and Graduates

See also Applied Mathematics and Statistics.
Mathematics 101. Sets, Groups and Topology
Catalog Number: 8066
Jessica Young (MIT)
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 10–11:30. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13
An introduction to rigorous mathematics, axioms, and proofs, via topics such as set theory, symmetry groups, and low-dimensional topology.
Note: Acquaintance with algebra, geometry and/or calculus is desirable. Students who have already taken Mathematics 25a,b or 55a,b should not take this course for credit.
Prerequisite: An interest in mathematical reasoning.

Mathematics 106. Ordinary Differential Equations
Catalog Number: 3377
Thomas W. Judson
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 1. EXAM GROUP: 6
Analytic, numerical, and qualitative analysis of ordinary differential equations. Linear equations, linear and non-linear systems. Applications to mechanics, biology, physics, and the social sciences. Existence and uniqueness of solutions and visual analysis using computer graphics. Topics selected from Laplace transforms, power series solutions, chaos, and numerical solutions.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 19, 20 or 21a.

Mathematics 112. Real Analysis
Catalog Number: 1123
Jeffrey McNeal (Ohio State University)
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 1. EXAM GROUP: 6
An introduction to mathematical analysis and the theory behind calculus. An emphasis on learning to understand and construct proofs. Covers limits and continuity in metric spaces, uniform convergence and spaces of functions, the Riemann integral, sets of measure zero and conditions for integrability.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 21a,b or 23a,b, and either an ability to write proofs or concurrent enrollment in Mathematics 101. Should not ordinarily be taken in addition to Mathematics 25a,b or 55a,b.

Mathematics 113. Complex Analysis
Catalog Number: 0405
Dylan P. Thurston
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 12. EXAM GROUP: 5
Analytic functions of one complex variable: power series expansions, contour integrals, Cauchy’s theorem, Laurent series and the residue theorem. Some applications to real analysis, including the evaluation of indefinite integrals. An introduction to some special functions.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 23a,b, 25a,b, or 101. Students with an A grade in Mathematics 21a,b may also consider taking this course, but must understand proofs.

[Mathematics 115. Methods of Analysis and Applications]
Catalog Number: 1871
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Half course (fall term). Hours to be arranged.
Some complex function theory; Fourier analysis; Hilbert spaces and operators; Laplace’s equations; Bessel and Legendre functions; symmetries; and Sturm-Liouville theory.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05. Mathematics 115 is especially for students interested in physics.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 21a,b, 23a,b, or 25a,b, and permission of instructor.

Mathematics 116. Convexity and Optimization with Applications
Catalog Number: 5253
Daniel L. Goroff
Half course (fall term). M., W., 2–3:30. EXAM GROUP: 7, 8
Introduction to real and functional analysis through topics such as convex programming, duality theory, linear and non-linear programming, calculus of variations, and the maximum principle of optimal control theory.
Prerequisite: At least one course beyond Mathematics 21

[Mathematics 118r. Dynamical Systems]
Catalog Number: 6402
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Half course (spring term). Hours to be arranged.
Introduction to dynamical systems theory with a view toward applications. Topics include existence and uniqueness theorems for flows, qualitative study of equilibria and attractors, iterated maps, and bifurcation theory. Computer programs will be developed and used for visualization, approximation, and experimentation.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 21a,b.

[Mathematics 119. Partial Differential Equations and Applications ]
Catalog Number: 7326
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Half course (spring term). Hours to be arranged.
Partial differential equations with constant coefficients, hyperbolic elliptic, and parabolic equations, Fourier analysis, Green’s function.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05.
Prerequisite: Familiarity with functions of a complex variable.

Mathematics 121. Linear Algebra and Applications
Catalog Number: 7009
Tom Coates
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 1–2:30. EXAM GROUP: 15, 16
Real and complex vector spaces, dual spaces, linear transformations and Jordan normal forms. Inner product spaces. Applications to differential equations, classical mechanics, and optimization theory. Emphasizes learning to understand and write proofs.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 21a,b or equivalent. Should not ordinarily be taken in addition to Mathematics 23a,b, 25a,b, or 55a,b.

Mathematics 122. Abstract Algebra I: Theory of Groups and Vector Spaces
Catalog Number: 7855
Benedict H. Gross
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 10. EXAM GROUP: 3
Algebra is the language of modern mathematics. Provides an introduction to this language, through the study of groups and group actions, vector spaces and their linear transformations, and some general theory of rings and fields.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 21b, or the equivalent training in matrices and linear algebra.

Mathematics 123. Abstract Algebra II: Theory of Rings and Fields
Catalog Number: 5613
Alberto De Sole
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 10. EXAM GROUP: 3
Rings, ideals, and modules; unique factorization domains, principal ideal domains and Euclidean domains and factorization of ideals in each; structure theorems for modules; fields, field extensions. Automorphism groups of fields are studied through the fundamental theorems of Galois theory.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 122.

Mathematics 124. Number Theory
Catalog Number: 2398
Francesco Calegari
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 11. EXAM GROUP: 4
Factorization and the primes; congruences; quadratic residues and reciprocity; continued fractions and approximations; Pell’s equation; selected Diophantine equations; theory of integral quadratic forms.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 122 (which may be taken concurrently) or equivalent.

Mathematics 126. Representation Theory and Applications
Catalog Number: 0369
Shlomo Z. Sternberg
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 8:30–10. EXAM GROUP: 10, 11
Representation theory of finite groups including character theory, induced representations, Frobenius reciprocity, and interesting applications.

Mathematics 128. Lie Algebras
Catalog Number: 6519
Shlomo Z. Sternberg
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 8:30–10. EXAM GROUP: 10, 11
Definition of Lie algebras, examples, Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt theorem, Levy decomposition. Semi-simple algebras, their classification and finite-dimensional representations, Verma modules and Weyl character formula.

Mathematics 129. Topics in Number Theory
Catalog Number: 2345
William A. Stein
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 10–11:30. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13
Algebraic number theory: local fields, number fields, cyclotomic fields, and complex multiplication. Copious numerical examples and integrated discussion of how to compute the objects we discuss.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 122 and 123.

Mathematics 131. Topology
Catalog Number: 2381
Dylan P. Thurston
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 11:30–1. EXAM GROUP: 13, 14
Basic notions of point set topology such as continuity, compactness, metrizability. Algebraic topology including fundamental groups, covering spaces, and higher homotopy groups.
Prerequisite: Some acquaintance with metric space topology (Mathematics 25a,b, 55a,b, 101, or 112) and with groups (Mathematics 101 or 122).

Mathematics 132. Riemannian and Lorentzian Geometry
Catalog Number: 7149
Shlomo Z. Sternberg
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 10–11:30. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13
Levi-Civita connection, curvature, Gauss’s lemma, Jacobi fields with applications to general relativity and cosmology; connections on principal bundles with applications to the Standard Model.
Prerequisite: A good grounding in multivariable calculus, such as Mathematics 25, or 55.

[Mathematics 134. Calculus on Manifolds]
Catalog Number: 7150
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Half course (fall term). Hours to be arranged.
Generalization of multivariable calculus to the setting of manifolds in real n-space, as used in the study of global analysis and geometry. Differentiable mappings of linear spaces, the inverse and implicit function theorems, differential forms, integration on manifolds, the general version of Stokes’s theorem, integral geometry, applications.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 21a,b and familiarity with proofs as in Mathematics 101, 112, 121, or the equivalent.

Mathematics 135. Differential Topology
Catalog Number: 2107
Clifford Taubes
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 11:30–1. EXAM GROUP: 13, 14
Smooth manifolds, intersection theory, vector fields, Hopf degree theorem, Euler characteristic, De Rham theory.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 23a,b, 25a,b, 55a,b, or 134.

Mathematics 136. Differential Geometry
Catalog Number: 1949
Alexander Braverman
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 11. EXAM GROUP: 4
Curves and surfaces in 3-space, Gaussian curvature and its intrinsic meaning, Gauss-Bonnet theorem, surfaces of constant curvature.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 21a,b and familiarity with proofs as in Mathematics 101, 112, 121, or equivalent.

Mathematics 137. Algebraic Geometry
Catalog Number: 0556
Laura F. Matusevich
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 12. EXAM GROUP: 5
Affine and projective spaces, plane curves, Bezout’s theorem, singularities and genus of a plane curve, Riemann-Roch theorem.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 122, 123.

Mathematics 138. Classical Geometry
Catalog Number: 0162
Paul G. Bamberg
Half course (spring term). M., W., 4–5:30. EXAM GROUP: 9
An exploration of the many different flavors of plane geometry. The course begins with finite geometry, then surveys the nine possible Cayley-Klein plane geometries, focusing on Euclidean geometry, the Galilean geometry of uniform motion, spherical and elliptic geometry, and geometries related to relativistic physics such as Minkowskian geometry and hyperbolic geometry. An important tool in the study of these geometries is a study of their symmetry groups.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 21a and 21b (may be taken concurrently), or Mathematics 23a, 25a, or 55a.

Mathematics 141. Introduction to Mathematical Logic
Catalog Number: 0600
Gerald E. Sacks
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 11:30–1. EXAM GROUP: 13, 14
An introduction to mathematical logic with applications to computer science and algebra. Formal languages. Completeness and compactness of first order logic. Definability and interpolation. Decidability. Unsolvable problems. Computable functions and Turing machines. Recursively enumerable sets. Transfinite induction.
Prerequisite: Any mathematics course at the level of Mathematics 21a,b or higher, or permission of instructor.

[Mathematics 142. Recursion Theory]
Catalog Number: 6531
Gerald E. Sacks
Half course (fall term). Hours to be arranged.
Normal forms. Universal Turing machines. Recursively enumerable sets. Turing degrees. Post’s problems. Finite injury arguments. Splitting and density. Infinite injury arguments. Minimal pairs. Minimal degrees and P not equal to NP.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 141, or Computer Science 121 or permission of instructor.

[Mathematics 143. Set Theory]
Catalog Number: 6005
Gerald E. Sacks
Half course (spring term). Hours to be arranged.
Axioms of set theory. Gödel’s constructible universe. Consistency of the axiom of choice and of the generalized continuum hypothesis. Cohen’s forcing method. Independence of the AC and GCH.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05.
Prerequisite: Any mathematics course at the level of 21a or higher, or permission of instructor.

Mathematics 152 (formerly Mathematics 102). Methods of Discrete Mathematics
Catalog Number: 8389
Paul G. Bamberg
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 1–2:30. EXAM GROUP: 15, 16
An introduction to finite groups, finite fields, finite geometry, discrete probability, and graph theory. A unifying theme of the course is the symmetry group of the regular icosahedron, whose elements can be realized as permutations, as linear transformations of vector spaces over finite fields, as collineations of a finite plane, or as vertices of a graph. Taught in a seminar format, and students will gain experience in presenting proofs at the blackboard.
Note: Concentrators in Applied Mathematics or Computer Science will be expected to implement some of the key mathematical ideas of the course in C++. Students who have taken Mathematics 25ab or 55ab should not take this course for credit.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 21b or equivalent.

Mathematics 191. Mathematical Probability
Catalog Number: 4306
Paul G. Bamberg
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 10–11:30. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13
An introduction to probability theory. Discrete and continuous random variables; univariate and multivariate distributions; conditional probability. Weak and strong laws of large numbers and the central limit theorem. Elements of stochastic processes: the Poisson process, random walks, and Markov chains. Applications to computer speech recognition.
Prerequisite: Any mathematics course at the level of Mathematics 21a,b or higher.

Mathematics 192r. Algebraic Combinatorics
Catalog Number: 6612
Laura F. Matusevich
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 1–2:30. EXAM GROUP: 15, 16
This course will enable students to be able to conduct original research in low-dimensional combinatorics. Methods taught include recurrence relations (linear and non-linear), transfer matrices, and generating functions; topics include frieze patterns, number walls and tilings.There is an emphasis on discovery and the use of computers.
Note: No prior knowledge of combinatorics is assumed, but familiarity with linear algebra will be helpful.

Cross-listed Courses

Applied Mathematics 105a. Complex and Fourier Analysis
Applied Mathematics 105b. Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations
Applied Mathematics 107. Graph Theory and Combinatorics
*Freshman Seminar 21u. Calculating Pi
*Freshman Seminar 23j. Chess and Mathematics
Philosophy 143. Set Theory

Primarily for Graduates

Mathematics 205. Lie Algebras
Catalog Number: 8612
Alberto De Sole
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 10. EXAM GROUP: 3
Structure theory of finite-dimensional Lie algebras. Classification and construction of finite dimensional semi-simple Lie algebras. Affine Kac-Moody Lie algebras. Verma modules. Weyl character and dimension formulae.

[Mathematics 206. Lie Groups and Lie Algebras]
Catalog Number: 8330
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Half course (fall term). Hours to be arranged.
Review of the basic results on Lie groups and Lie algebras, structure of compact Lie groups, finite dimensional representations, Borel-Weil-Bott theorem.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05.

Mathematics 212a. Functions of a Real Variable
Catalog Number: 5446
Curtis T. McMullen
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 10–11:30. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13
A rigorous introduction to measurable functions, Lebesgue integration, Banach spaces and duality.
Prerequisite: Topology and basic complex analysis (Mathematics 113 and 131).

[Mathematics 212b. Functions of a Real Variable]
Catalog Number: 7294
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Half course (spring term). Hours to be arranged.
Continuation of Mathematics 212a. Techniques for analyzing differential equations and the behavior of their solutions.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 212a.

Mathematics 213a. Functions of One Complex Variable
Catalog Number: 1621
Noam D. Elkies
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 12. EXAM GROUP: 5
Fundamentals of complex analysis, and further topics such as harmonic functions, elliptic functions, canonical products, conformal mappings and Riemann surfaces.
Prerequisite: Basic complex analysis or ability to learn quickly.

Mathematics 213b. Further Topics in Classical Complex Analysis
Catalog Number: 2641
Shing-Tung Yau
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 12. EXAM GROUP: 5
Introduction to several complex variables, pseudoconvexity, domains of holomorphy, the d bar problem, sheaves and cohomology.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 213a and previous or concurrent enrollment in 212a and b preferred.

Mathematics 217. Representations of Reductive Lie Groups
Catalog Number: 2006
Wilfried Schmid
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 11:30–1. EXAM GROUP: 13, 14
Harish Chandra modules, Characters, the discrete series, classification of irreducible representations, Plancherl theorem, arithmetic subgroups.

Mathematics 230ar. Differential Geometry
Catalog Number: 0372
Weiyang Qiu
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 1. EXAM GROUP: 6
A study of Riemannian manifolds, geodesics and curvature, and relations between curvature and topology. Also, a discussion of connections in principal bundles, spinors and Dirac operators, and the Bochner method.
Prerequisite: Math 131 and familiarity with smooth manifolds.

Mathematics 230br. Differential Geometry
Catalog Number: 0504
Weiyang Qiu
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 9. EXAM GROUP: 2
A continuation of Mathematics 230ar. Topics in Riemannian geometry, Kähler geometry, Hodge theory, and Yang-Mills theory.
Prerequisite: Differential Topology.

Mathematics 250a. Higher Algebra
Catalog Number: 4384
Barry C. Mazur
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 10–11:30. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13
Course introduces ubiquitous algebraic structures and discusses some of their diverse applications. Highlights of the first term: review of Galois theory; the Brauer theory of central simple algebras; representation theory of finite groups; introduction to algebraic number theory.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 123 or equivalent.

Mathematics 250b. Higher Algebra
Catalog Number: 8464
Barry C. Mazur
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 10–11:30. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13
Continuation of Mathematics 250a. Some basic commutative algebra. Local and global fields. Study of ideal class groups.

Mathematics 252. Explicit Approaches to Modular Abelian Varieties
Catalog Number: 6088
William A. Stein
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 12. EXAM GROUP: 5
Basic theory of abelian varieties and modular forms, construction of abelian varieties attached to modular forms, algorithms for modular abelian varieties, and the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture. Illustrated with numerical examples.

Mathematics 253x. Artin L-functions at s=0
Catalog Number: 0431
David Burns (King’s College London)
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 11:30–1. EXAM GROUP: 13, 14
Review of basic concepts of algebraic number theory. Introduction to class field theory. Artin L-functions. The analytic class number formula. Stark’s conjectures and the refinements due to Gross, Rubin, and Tate. Recent results.

Mathematics 254x. Automorhpic L-functions
Catalog Number: 5037
Richard L. Taylor
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 1. EXAM GROUP: 6
A discussion of the construction of the product L-function for GL(n)xGL(m) and some of its applications.
Prerequisite: Familiarity with automorphic forms on adele groups, and Bernshtein and Zelevinskii.

Mathematics 254y. Automorphic L-Functions: II
Catalog Number: 6015
Richard L. Taylor
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 1. EXAM GROUP: 6
Continuation of Mathematics 254x.

Mathematics 256x. Local Fields
Catalog Number: 7847
Laurent Berger
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 2. EXAM GROUP: 7
Local Fields, with emphasis on p-adic fields. Topics: ramification, Galois cohomology, p-adic analysis and p-adic Galois representations.

Mathematics 257x. Special Values of L-functions
Catalog Number: 8313
Matthias Flach (California Institute of Technology )
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 2. EXAM GROUP: 7
An introduction to conjectures on values at integer arguments of L-functions of varieties over number fields. A discussion in detail of (the relatively few) proven cases as well as background material on motivic cohomolgy and reciprocity laws.

Mathematics 260a. Introduction to Algebraic Geometry
Catalog Number: 7004
David Helm
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 10. EXAM GROUP: 3
Introduction to the theory of schemes, sheaf cohomology, and applications.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 250.

Mathematics 260b. Introduction to Algebraic Geometry
Catalog Number: 2745
David Helm
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 10. EXAM GROUP: 3
Continuation of Mathematics 260a.

Mathematics 261x. Perverse Sheaves
Catalog Number: 6639
Alexander Braverman
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 2. EXAM GROUP: 7
Introduction to intersection homology (based on examples). Derived categories. Sheaves on manifolds and Grothendieck’s 6 functors. Introduction to t-structures. Perverse sheaves. Application to representation theory. Coherent perverse sheaves.

Mathematics 264r. Abelian Varieties and Moduli Spaces
Catalog Number: 4831
Mihnea Popa
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 11:30–1. EXAM GROUP: 13, 14
A presentation of new techniques and results in the study of abelian varieties and moduli spaces of vector bundles, based on regularity via the Fourier-Mukai transform, multiplier ideals, and moduli spaces of stable maps.

Mathematics 265x. Derived Catagories
Catalog Number: 6243
Mircea Mustata (Cambridge University)
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 1–2:30. EXAM GROUP: 15, 16
Construction and basic properties of derived categories, tri-angulated categories, derived functors, t-structures. Description of derived categories for quadrics, Grassmanians, Del Pezzo surfaces. Applications: BGG correspondence, Beilinson monads, Fourier-Mukai transform.

Mathematics 266y. Computational Conformal Geometry
Catalog Number: 5165
Shing-Tung Yau
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 10. EXAM GROUP: 3
An interdisciplinary course between mathematics and computer science. Mathematics theories cover elementary introduction to algebraic topology, compact Riemann surface theory, Hodge theory and geometric harmonic analysis. The computational part introduces surface representation/reconstruction, computing homology/cohomology/conformal structures.

Mathematics 272a. Introduction to Algebraic Topology
Catalog Number: 1666
Peter B. Kronheimer
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 11. EXAM GROUP: 4
Covering spaces and fibrations. Simplicial and CW complexes. Homology and cohomology, universal coefficients and Künneth formulas. Hurewicz theorem. Manifolds and Poincaré duality.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 131 or permission of instructor.

Mathematics 272b. Introduction to Algebraic Topology
Catalog Number: 6502
Peter B. Kronheimer
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 11. EXAM GROUP: 4
Spectral sequences and techniques of computation. Vector bundles and characteristic classes. Bott periodicity. K-theory, cobordism and stable cohomotopy as examples of cohomology theories.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 272a.

Mathematics 273x. Toric Varieties and Applications
Catalog Number: 0419
Ilia Zharkov
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 11:30–1. EXAM GROUP: 13, 14
Constructions of toric varieties, topology and intersection theory on them. Hypersurfaces, amoebas, Hodge theorgy via Gelfand-Kapronov-Zelevinsky machinery. Reflective polytopes, Calabi-Yau manifolds and mirror symmetry.

Mathematics 279x. Smooth Four-Manifolds
Catalog Number: 2285
Peter B. Kronheimer
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 1. EXAM GROUP: 6
An introduction to smooth four-manifolds and the techniques used to study them: gauge theory, the Seiberg-Witten equations, and related invariants.

Graduate Courses of Reading and Research

*Mathematics 301. Theory and Practice of Teaching in the Mathematical Sciences
Catalog Number: 4344
Daniel L. Goroff 7683 (on leave spring term)

*Mathematics 308. Topics in Number Theory and Modular Forms
Catalog Number: 0464
Benedict H. Gross 1112

*Mathematics 309. Topics in Dynamical Systems Theory
Catalog Number: 0552
Daniel L. Goroff 7683 (on leave spring term)

*Mathematics 314. Topics in Differential Geometry and Mathematical Physics
Catalog Number: 2743
Shlomo Z. Sternberg 1965

*Mathematics 318. Topics in Number Theory
Catalog Number: 7393
Barry C. Mazur 1975

*Mathematics 321. Topics in Mathematical Physics
Catalog Number: 2297
Arthur M. Jaffe 2095

*Mathematics 322. Topics in Representation Theory
Catalog Number: 2962
Alexander Braverman 3630 (on leave spring term)

*Mathematics 323. Topics in Algebraic Geometry
Catalog Number: 4659
Mihnea Popa 4015

*Mathematics 324. Topics in Number Theory
Catalog Number: 0878
Laurent Berger 4351

*Mathematics 326. Topics in Arithmetic Geometry of Modular Curves and Shimura Curves
Catalog Number: 2696
David Helm 4630

*Mathematics 327. Topics in Several Complex Variables
Catalog Number: 0409
Yum Tong Siu 7550

*Mathematics 328. Topics in Lie Algebra
Catalog Number: 7003
Alberto De Sole 4627

*Mathematics 333. Topics in Complex Analysis, Dynamics and Geometry
Catalog Number: 9401
Curtis T. McMullen 3588 (on leave spring term)

*Mathematics 335. Topics in Differential Geometry and Analysis
Catalog Number: 5498
Clifford Taubes 1243

*Mathematics 344. Topics in Number Theory
Catalog Number: 2526
Francesco Calegari 4435

*Mathematics 345. Topics in Geometry and Topology
Catalog Number: 4108
Peter B. Kronheimer 1759

*Mathematics 350. Topics in Mathematical Logic
Catalog Number: 5151
Gerald E. Sacks 3862 (on leave spring term)

*Mathematics 351. Topics in Algebraic Number Theory
Catalog Number: 3492
Richard L. Taylor 1453

*Mathematics 354. Topics in Number Theory
Catalog Number: 1217
William A. Stein 4016

*Mathematics 356. Topics in Harmonic Analysis
Catalog Number: 6534
Wilfried Schmid 5097

*Mathematics 365. Topics in Differential Geometry
Catalog Number: 4647
Shing-Tung Yau 1734

*Mathematics 367. Topics in Geometry and Partial Differential Equations
Catalog Number: 9037
Albert Chau 4017 (on leave 2003-04)

*Mathematics 376. Topics in Analysis of Partial Differential Equations
Catalog Number: 1023
Joachim Krieger 4632 (on leave fall term)

*Mathematics 378. Topics in Computational and Combinatorial Algebraic Geometry
Catalog Number: 4436
Laura F. Matusevich 4357

*Mathematics 382. Topics in Algebraic Geometry
Catalog Number: 2037
Joseph D. Harris 2055

*Mathematics 383. Topics in Algebraic Geometry
Catalog Number: 7736
Ilia Zharkov 4631

*Mathematics 386. Topics in Several Complex Variables and CR Geometry
Catalog Number: 3746
Andreea C. Nicoara 4374

*Mathematics 388. Topics in Mathematics and Biology
Catalog Number: 4687
Martin A. Nowak 4568

*Mathematics 389. Topics in Number Theory
Catalog Number: 6851
Noam D. Elkies 2604 (on leave spring term)

*Mathematics 391. Topics in Differential Geometry and Partial Differential Equations
Catalog Number: 2974
Weiyang Qiu 4359

*Mathematics 392. Topics in Geometry
Catalog Number: 8778
Tom Coates 4633