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LISP is a high level, object-oriented language for Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications.
Similar as Python or Mathematica, it is a dynamic language, you don't
need to compile it. Because all work is done via function composition
and recursion, it is also called a functional language.
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Terminology:
- An atom is either an integer or an identifier.
- A list is a left parenthesis, followed by zero or
more S-expressions, followed by a right parenthesis.
An S-expression is an atom or a list.
- NIL means "false" and is also the name for the empty list ( ).
NIL is both an atom and a list.
- T means "true". Actually anything that is not NIL is also
"true".
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Starting up clisp:
clisp a Common Lisp implementation which supports the ANSI Common
Lisp standard. (we have installed clisp 2.28 on Abel).
- You start it up (for example on Abel) by typing 'clisp' in the shell.
- You end it in clisp by typing '(exit)'.
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A session
Start up lisp and try to figure out, what each of the
following lines does: the first group show how lisp
works with numbers, the two functions factor and
ulam show how to define functions and loops, then follow
some information on how to work with lists.
(exp (+ 6.23 1))
(sin (* 5 2))
(+ 3 4/5 7 9 10)
(* (+ 3 4) (+ (/ 4 5) 6))
(defun fact (x) (if (> x 0) (* x (fact (- x 1))) 1) )
(fact 5)
(defun ulam (n steps)
(cond
((= n 1) steps)
((oddp n) (ulam (+ 1 (* n 3)) (+ 1 steps)))
(t (ulam (/ n 2) (+ 1 steps)))
)
)
(ulam 11 0)
(list a b c d)
(dolist (w '(a b c d e f g h)) (print w))
(concatenate 'string "mathematics " "department")
(sort '(1 2 5 4 3 7 6) #'<)
(sort '(1 2 5 4 3 7 6) #'>)
(reverse '(1 2 3 4 5))
(append '(1 2 3) '(4 5 6))
(intersection '(a b c d e) '(b c f))
(union '(a b) '(c d))
(if 4 5 6)
(if NIL 5 6)
(eq 'a 'a)
(eq 'a 'b)
(= 3 4)
(setq a nil)
(push 4 a)
(pop a)
(cons 8 11)
(car (cons 8 11))
(cdr (cons 8 11))
Links:
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